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Report On Proficiency Testing

Lab Med Qual Assur 2024; 46(3): 130-144

Published online September 30, 2024

https://doi.org/10.15263/jlmqa.2024.46.3.130

Copyright © Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service.

Annual Report of the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service on General Chemistry (2023)

Yong-Wha Lee

Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea

Correspondence to:Yong-Wha Lee
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14584, Korea
Tel +82-32-621-5943
E-mail lywmd@schmc.ac.kr

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In 2023, the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service conducted its general chemistry proficiency testing (PT) program, which included the routine chemistry and urine chemistry programs, with 29 and 13 test items, respectively. These PT materials comprised both lyophilized and liquid products based on human serum. The routine chemistry program was conducted 4 times annually, while the urine chemistry program was conducted biannually. Statistical analysis of the data for each test method and reagent company was based on the information and results supplied by participating institutions. This analysis included the number of participating institutes, the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), median, minimum, and maximum values for each group. Reports featured tables, histograms, Levey-Jennings charts, and the standard deviation index for each test item. In the routine chemistry program, over 1,000 institutions conducted the 17 test items, and this number continues to grow. Alkaline phosphatase displayed relatively high CVs due to variability in test results across different methods, although the CVs for other tests remained below 20%. In the urine chemistry program, the majority of laboratories participated in the qualitative test for urine human chorionic gonadotropin, and albumin demonstrated notably high CVs.

Keywords: Proficiency testing, General chemistry, Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service

대한진단검사정도관리협회(‘대한임상검사정도관리협회’에서 변경) 2022년 차세대 신빙도조사사업은 2023년 현재 8년째를 맞이하고 있으며, 7개 대분류하에 95개 프로그램이 단위별로 운영되고 있으며, 프로그램별 검사종목도 527종목으로 증가하였다[1-5]. 임상화학 분야는 7개의 대분류 중 하나로, 일반화학검사 등 11개의 중분류 분야로 구성되어 있고, 이들은 일반화학검사와 요화학검사 등 36개의 세부 프로그램으로 나뉜다. 일반화학검사와 요화학검사 프로그램에는 각각 29종과 13종의 검사항목이 포함되어 있다.

2023년 대한진단검사정도관리협회의 신빙도조사사업으로 시행되었던 일반화학검사와 요화학검사에 대한 신빙도조사사업 결과를 분석하여 보고하고자 한다.

1. 대상

일반화학검사 프로그램은 연 4회에 걸쳐, 회차별로 3개의 정도관리물질이 이용되어 시행되었다. 물질은 냉장상태가 유지될 수 있도록 아이스팩이 내장된 특수 제작박스에 넣어 참여 등록기관을 대상으로 각 회차별로 2월, 4월, 9월과 10월에 발송되었다. 요화학검사 프로그램은 연 2회에 걸쳐, 회차별로 3개의 정도관리물질이 이용되었고 1회차와 2회차를 각각 2월과 8월에 발송하였다.

2. 정도관리물질과 검사항목

일반화학검사의 정도관리물질로서 상반기와 하반기에 각각 사람 혈청을 기질로 한 동결건조형태의 Lyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry Control (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA)과 Liquid Assayed Multiqual (Bio-Rad Laboratories)을 사용하였다(Table 1). 요화학검사의 정도관리물질로는 Bio-Rad사의 Lyphochek Quantitative Urine Control (Bio-Rad Laboratories)을 사용하였다(Table 2).

Table 1 . Control material provided for analysis and released dates from the trials of general chemistry in 2023

TrialMaterial no.ManufacturerProduct nameLot no.Released date
1stCC-23-01Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control288926 February
CC-23-02Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control26481
CC-23-03Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control26482
2ndCC-23-04Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control8971218 April
CC-23-05Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control89711
CC-23-06Bio-RadLyphochek Assayed & Unassayed Chemistry control28891
3rdCC-23-07Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual4593111 September
CC-23-08Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual45933
CC-23-09Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual45932
4thCC-23-10Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual4596230 October
CC-23-11Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual45963
CC-23-12Bio-RadLiquid Assayed Multiqual45961

The instruments used were from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA).


Table 2 . Control material provided for analysis and released dates from the trials of urine chemistry in 2023

TrialMaterial no.ManufacturerProduct nameLot no.Released date
1stCUC-23-01Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control634826 February
CUC-23-02Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control63481
CUC-23-03Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control63471
2ndCUC-23-04Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control6351228 August
CUC-23-05Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control63491
CUC-23-06Bio-RadLyphochek Quantitative Urine control63492

The instruments used were from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA).



참여기관에서는 수령한 물질에 대해 검사 시행 후 회신 마감일 이내에 대한진단검사정도관리협회 신빙도조사사업 홈페이지(http://eqas.keqas.org)에 결과를 입력하였다. 협회에서는 기기회사와 시약회사로부터 제공된 검사항목별 검사방법, 기기와 시약에 대한 데이터베이스를 지속적으로 업데이트하고 있고, 참여기관이 홈페이지상에서 해당 검사항목에 대한 검사정보 선택과 결과 입력이 가능하도록 하였다.

3. 결과 판정 및 분석

각 기관에서 입력한 각 검사항목에 대한 정보와 결과를 바탕으로 검사방법, 기기, 시약에 따른 통계분석을 시행하였다. 결과보고서는 전체 참여기관의 특성을 보여주는 공통보고서와 개별 기관에 대한 평가결과를 보여주는 기관별 보고서 등 두 가지로 구성되어 있다. 공통보고서에서는 전체 참여기관에 해당하는 통계, 검사방법을 기준 분류로 한 통계결과와 시약회사를 세분류로 한 통계결과를 각각 제시하고 있다.

제시된 통계결과에는 각 그룹별 참여기관 수, 평균, 표준편차, 변동계수, 중앙값, 최소값과 최대값이 포함되고, 참여기관 수, 중앙값, 최소값과 최대값은 이상치를 제거하지 않은 상태에서 산출된 결과를 제시하였고, 평균, 표준편차와 변동계수는 각 군별로 이상치를 제거한 후 산출된 수치를 표시하였다. 해당 분류에서 이상치를 제거한 후 기관 수가 8개 미만인 경우 평균, 표준편차와 변동계수를 제시하지 않고 기관 수가 3개 미만인 경우 중앙값도 제시하지 않았다. 이상치는 각 해당 분류에서 75 퍼센타일 값(Q3)과 25 퍼센타일 값(Q1)의 차(Q3−Q1; interquartile range, IQR)의 1.5배를 초과하여 Q1보다 낮거나 Q3보다 높은 결과값(<​Q1−1.5×IQR 또는 >Q3+1.5×IQR)으로 설정하였다.

개별 보고서는 각 검사항목별로 통계결과를 보여주는 표, 히스토그램과 레비-제닝스 차트로 구성되었다. 통계치를 제시한 표에는 각 기관의 결과값과 각 분류별로 분석된 통계결과를 제시하였고 기준 분류와 세분류에 대한 해당 기관의 standard deviation index (SDI)를 함께 제시하였다. 전체 결과에 대해서는 SDI를 제시하지 않았고, 각 그룹에서 이상치 제거 후 기관 수가 8개 미만일 경우 SDI를 제시하지 않았다. 표준편차가 0이지만 기관의 결과값이 평균과 다를 경우에도 SDI를 제시하지 않았다. 히스토그램에서는 전체 기관과 기준 분류별 분포를 제시하였고 각 기관의 위치를 표시하였다. 레비-제닝스 차트에는 기준 분류별 최근 1년간의 SDI를 나타냈다.

일반화학검사 프로그램에서는 1,000개 이상의 기관이 참여하는 검사항목은 alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen, chloride, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), potassium, sodium, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total protein, triglyceride와 uric acid 등 17개 종목이었고, 회차를 거듭할수록 참가기관 수가 증가하였다(Table 3).

Table 3 . Number of laboratories that participated in each test of general chemistry in 2023

TestTrials
1st2nd3rd4th
Alanine aminotransferase1,8691,8811,8851,888
Albumin1,7271,7391,7501,751
Alkaline phosphatase1,6361,6491,6511,648
Amylase904910908903
Aspartate aminotransferase1,8691,8811,8861,888
Blood urea nitrogen1,7881,8001,8131,814
Calcium837838837837
Chloride1,1961,2071,2091,208
Creatine kinase773776779777
Direct bilirubin883889884881
Gamma-glutamyl transferase1,8161,8271,8321,833
Glucose1,8451,8551,8611,860
High density lipoprotein cholesterol1,7361,7481,7521,752
Iron464463471470
Lactate dehydrogenase972977975973
Lipase513517522519
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol1,0671,0831,1071,108
Magnesium352356361359
Osmolality189189189191
Phosphorus776776773772
Potassium1,2071,2181,2191,218
Sodium1,2071,2181,2191,218
Total bilirubin1,7291,7401,7511,750
Total cholesterol1,8531,8641,8691,868
Total CO2259257263265
Total iron-binding capacity425423428427
Total protein1,6941,7041,7151,716
Triglyceride1,8091,8211,8251,823
Uric acid1,4011,4131,4171,419


요화학검사 프로그램에서는 요 human chorionic gonadotropin 정성검사에 참여하는 기관이 296기관으로 가장 많았고, 이 외에도 200기관 이상 참여하는 검사항목은 albumin, chloride, creatinine, potassium, protein과 sodium등 6개 종목이었다(Table 4).

Table 4 . Number of laboratories that participated in each test of urine chemistry in 2023

TestTrials
1st2nd
Albumin217220
Calcium181180
Chloride216217
Creatinine256259
Glucose154152
Magnesium119122
Phosphorus156155
Potassium217218
Protein217219
Sodium219220
Urea nitrogen177176
Uric acid164165
urine hCG (qualitative)294296

Abbreviation: hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin.



일반화학검사 프로그램에서 변동계수는 상대적으로 정도관리물질의 농도가 낮을수록 높은 경향을 보였다(Table 5). 대부분 10% 이내의 변동계수를 보였지만 ALP, amylase, direct bilirubin, HDL-C와 lipase는 평균적으로 10% 이상의 변동계수를 보였다. ALP는 검사법 간에 결과의 차이가 유의하게 큼으로써 변동계수도 상대적으로 큰 것으로 관찰되었다(Table 5).

Table 5 . Peer-group coefficients of variation (%) according to the test and trials of general chemistry in 2023

TestTrials
CC-23-01CC-23-02CC-23-03CC-23-04CC-23-05CC-23-06CC-23-07CC-23-08CC-23-09CC-23-10CC-23-11CC-23-12
Alanine aminotransferase5.16.85.45.56.46.37.24.64.55.14.87.2
Albumin4.94.84.74.84.44.83.54.24.44.24.23.5
Alkaline phosphatase32.443.833.532.441.642.560.534.738.537.934.959.8
Amylase18.211.918.419.012.012.112.017.115.315.516.411.9
Aspartate aminotransferase5.15.95.15.05.65.65.44.85.05.05.05.7
Blood urea nitrogen4.24.63.94.24.54.43.64.84.04.24.94.1
Calcium2.54.23.02.83.83.83.72.42.32.32.63.7
Chloride3.52.22.82.72.82.32.92.22.22.32.42.7
Creatine kinase4.33.43.84.53.22.83.53.93.73.54.13.0
Direct bilirubin10.319.816.810.820.418.520.218.318.218.016.616.8
Gamma-glutamyl transferase5.45.75.25.45.55.73.25.65.15.15.66.0
Glucose2.83.72.82.53.63.52.92.82.92.72.63.3
High density lipoprotein cholesterol17.716.111.817.613.312.912.715.713.514.615.413.8
Iron4.03.04.03.43.22.93.12.92.92.72.72.8
Lactate dehydrogenase4.64.44.64.54.34.14.84.94.94.84.85.2
Lipase18.88.919.620.610.510.29.418.813.613.414.69.4
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol12.210.57.59.57.09.95.24.95.84.75.77.1
Magnesium3.03.92.01.93.53.50.02.02.92.91.90.0
Osmolality0.91.00.91.01.21.30.81.00.80.90.80.9
Phosphorus2.72.52.82.43.22.34.62.23.43.32.15.5
Potassium2.21.91.52.11.92.00.01.81.71.61.22.6
Sodium1.21.41.20.81.11.20.82.31.21.22.21.2
Total bilirubin5.810.06.26.110.010.011.95.87.47.15.511.3
Total cholesterol3.72.53.83.72.62.72.83.02.82.63.02.8
Total CO27.57.07.15.66.36.35.74.95.34.64.55.9
Total iron-binding capacity3.83.33.73.63.12.73.42.72.62.82.02.5
Total protein3.53.13.53.52.73.03.22.62.72.62.82.3
Triglyceride5.64.75.85.95.34.84.35.33.94.25.64.2
Uric acid3.22.02.63.43.12.02.72.82.82.82.53.9


Magnesium과 potassium검사에서 변동계수가 0%인 경우가 있는데, 이는 변동계수 산출을 위해 아웃라이어 제거 후 남은 결과치가 단일 숫자였기 때문에 산출된 결과이다.

변동계수는 각 기관의 상대적 정확도를 나타내는 지표인 SDI 산출에 영향을 준다. 변동계수가 큰 경우 SDI는 상대적으로 작아질 수 있으므로 결과 해석 시 유의하여야 한다.

요화학검사 프로그램에서 각 검사항목별 변동계수는 대부분 10% 이내의 값을 보였으나 albumin은 14.3%−34.3%로 가장 큰 변동계수를 보였다(Table 6). 특히 6개 중 3개의 정도관리물질에 대해서 30% 이상의 변동계수를 보였는데, 이는 정도관리물질의 농도가 매우 낮은 것에 기인하는 것으로 생각되었다. CUC-23-01 검체에 대한 glucose 검사의 변동계수가 0%로 산출되었는데, 검출한계에 근접한 농도에서 아웃라이어 제거 후 단일 숫자에 대한 통계결과이다.

Table 6 . Peer-group coefficients of variation (%) according to the test and trials of urine chemistry in 2023

TestTrials
CUC-23-01CUC-23-02CUC-23-03CUC-23-04CUC-23-05CUC-23-06
Albumin34.318.333.215.232.314.3
Calcium4.42.64.42.73.72.4
Chloride6.62.27.32.57.02.6
Creatinine4.13.94.23.73.93.6
Glucose0.01.92.91.90.32.0
Magnesium3.32.93.23.13.43.2
Phosphorus2.62.92.82.22.72.0
Potassium1.53.01.32.21.22.1
Protein6.08.36.88.45.38.7
Sodium2.51.12.31.12.41.0
Urea nitrogen3.84.13.93.03.63.0
Uric acid3.42.32.82.84.22.9


일반화학검사 프로그램에서 각 검사항목의 회차별 결과에서 검사방법(대분류)에 따른 기관 수와 변동계수의 분포는 Table 7과 같았다. 한 가지 검사방법이 전체의 80%를 넘는 검사로는, ALT의 lactate dehydrogenase without pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P)법, albumin의 dye binding bromocresol green법, AST의 malate dehydrogenase without P5P법, blood urea nitrogen의 urease with glutamate dehydrogenase법, gamma-glutamyl transferase의 gamma-glutamyl-carboxy-nitroanilide법, lipase의 hydrolysis of 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester법, LDL-C의 enzymatic with detergent법, magnesium의 colorimetry xylidyl blue법, osmolality의 freezing point depression osmometer법, total cholesterol의 cholesterol esterase법, total CO2의 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase법, total protein의 Biuret법과 uric acid의 uricase법이 해당되었다(Table 7).

Table 7 . Distribution of analytical methods (principle) participated and coefficients of variation (%) according to principle of general chemistry in 2023

TestMethodTrials
1st2nd3rd4th
Lab*CC-23-01CC-23-02CC-23-03LabCC-23-04CC-23-05CC-23-06LabCC-23-07CC-23-08CC-23-09LabCC-23-10CC-23-11CC-23-12
Alanine aminotransferase1,8695.16.85.41,8815.56.46.31,8857.24.64.51,8885.14.87.2
Dry chemistry142.97.65.8133.810.87.9138.72.54.5135.34.08.4
LDH with P5P331.84.73.6372.53.42.9453.32.22.5482.11.92.4
LDH without P5P1,7995.16.85.41,8085.26.46.31,7986.84.54.41,7955.14.77.1
Other method135.33.24.5112.24.76.41218.86.15.5146.26.515.5
Albumin1,7274.94.84.71,7394.84.44.81,7503.54.24.41,7514.24.23.5
Dye Binding-BCG1,6914.94.84.61,6994.84.44.81,7013.54.34.11,7004.14.23.5
Dye Binding-BCP243.32.63.8302.71.71.6382.71.72.1392.32.02.7
Other method122.83.41.7102.66.78.2115.06.66.4123.93.82.9
Alkaline phosphatase1,63632.443.833.51,64932.441.642.51,65160.534.738.51,64837.934.959.8
Other method1041.143.541.1914.621.711.8858.937.839.5831.94.361.4
PNPP, AMP buffer1,08410.78.79.71,10810.99.18.41,1218.49.17.41,1298.09.78.0
PNPP, DEA buffer15211.410.612.41489.59.69.814410.913.313.214312.614.111.5
PNPP, EAE buffer3904.36.23.63844.83.63.33784.44.34.33684.64.44.2
Amylase90418.211.918.491019.012.012.190812.017.115.390315.516.411.9
Dry chemistry94.92.23.1107.37.44.1105.94.55.2105.38.39.7
Hydrolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-azido-deoxy-maltopentaoside73.73.82.551.52.53.551.11.32.051.03.24.9
Hydrolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-galactopyranosylmaltoside1511.31.91.61551.21.81.81512.41.51.51491.71.31.6
Hydrolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside2176.46.73.72152.46.46.52187.52.14.02163.25.95.0
Hydrolysis of 4,6-ethylidene-4-nitrophenyl-maltoheptaose3964.92.65.14054.54.14.34034.94.85.24053.92.95.0
Hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylbenzyl-α-maltopentaose12018.49.918.511918.611.110.711910.216.915.411715.516.410.2
Aspartate aminotransferase1,8695.15.95.11,8815.05.65.61,8865.44.85.01,8885.05.05.7
Dry chemistry143.69.43.3135.46.12.9138.14.45.2136.16.66.3
MDH with P5P251.91.92.4292.73.83.2412.22.11.9442.62.11.9
MDH without P5P1,8175.15.95.21,8285.05.65.61,8205.34.85.01,8185.15.05.6
Other method133.85.05.1115.13.94.3126.87.57.3134.97.38.3
Blood urea nitrogen1,7884.24.63.91,8004.24.54.41,8133.64.84.01,8144.24.94.1
Other method137.56.68.1116.52.14.0127.611.27.2134.74.67.6
Urease with colorimetry143.44.23.2131.74.32.2133.20.71.0134.53.84.8
Urease with GLDH1,7614.24.63.81,7764.24.54.41,7883.64.63.91,7884.14.74.1
Calcium8372.54.23.08382.83.83.88373.72.42.38372.32.63.7
Colorimetry Arsenazo III1893.53.53.61883.63.23.41914.53.43.11983.02.73.6
Colorimetry Methylxylenol blue881.31.71.7951.31.51.41022.51.30.91021.51.71.5
Colorimetry_OCPC3352.53.33.13243.33.53.53103.62.53.02952.42.94.2
NM-BAPTA2011.31.41.42051.21.51.42081.41.41.52161.51.42.0
Other method223.21.53.1242.71.32.7251.41.90.8251.01.01.3
Chloride1,1963.52.22.81,2072.72.82.31,2092.92.22.21,2082.32.42.7
ISE, diluted6832.02.21.86892.02.52.36931.81.31.36970.91.32.0
ISE, undiluted5072.51.62.45092.41.81.75082.10.70.85031.61.42.2
Other method64.03.21.194.22.93.081.70.61.280.92.43.7
Creatine kinase7734.33.43.87764.53.22.87793.53.93.77773.54.13.0
Creatine phosphate to creatine2932.23.02.22941.92.42.02983.02.52.62962.52.42.8
Creatine phosphate to creatine with activator4704.62.94.34755.12.83.44753.44.34.14763.84.63.5
Dry chemistry69.28.17.565.46.44.550.92.92.551.60.85.6
Direct bilirubin88310.319.816.888910.820.418.588420.218.318.288118.016.616.8
Copper ion oxidation446.813.011.8416.911.911.03716.211.510.5388.29.012.3
Diazonium salt with blank40011.321.96.440212.021.418.94037.613.09.741010.212.810.7
Diazo-sulfanilic acid with blank3426.839.024.13828.828.429.33529.524.519.33416.218.015.9
Diazo-sulfanilic acid without blank2710.922.627.3277.513.115.42918.77.013.6295.87.315.5
Other method746.912.544.2740.328.925.2641.514.518.8516.918.434.1
Vanadate oxidation3707.612.317.83736.410.511.737314.17.39.33649.85.815.5
Gamma-glutamyl transferase1,8165.45.75.21,8275.45.55.71,8323.25.65.11,8335.15.66.0
Gamma-glutamyl-carboxy-nitroanilide1,7724.75.64.31,7845.45.55.61,7913.25.55.11,7935.15.23.1
Gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide187.76.58.0196.56.47.71611.77.37.6167.17.68.5
G-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (dry chemistry)133.25.53.4122.94.15.6125.32.12.1124.53.54.6
Other method132.75.01.9126.54.96.2133.74.02.9125.54.15.3
Glucose1,8452.83.72.81,8552.53.63.51,8612.92.82.91,8602.72.63.3
Glucose oxidase4822.83.93.14852.93.63.44893.72.93.44902.92.83.8
Hexokinase1,3502.43.02.61,3602.42.83.21,3612.82.72.91,3592.62.53.0
Other method130.82.71.8103.63.22.6115.53.54.8112.24.64.2
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol1,73617.716.111.81,74817.613.312.91,75212.715.713.51,75214.615.413.8
Enzymatic with detergent9305.67.69.69387.17.58.29417.58.56.49378.39.38.6
Enzymatic with electrostatic173.33.02.9183.71.11.8162.41.62.0162.41.92.9
Enzymatic with immunoinhibition1046.013.06.51016.29.19.81009.08.57.1966.97.88.9
Enzymatic with others24923.316.213.725021.116.320.725211.320.214.025015.921.412.0
Enzymatic with polyanion precipitation1218.06.98.31233.95.46.81206.63.87.31217.36.37.0
Enzymatic with polyethylene glycol2984.23.03.33024.13.02.73053.23.02.63142.73.43.7
Other method1714.812.111.41618.810.110.6188.49.213.3188.212.49.1
Iron4644.03.04.04633.43.22.94713.12.92.94702.72.72.8
Bathophenanthroline without deproteinization1162.51.92.61112.51.71.61072.11.21.41041.31.02.0
Ferene without deproteinization122.62.42.3114.02.12.4122.72.12.1124.33.84.7
Ferrozine without deproteinization1832.41.42.51862.61.31.31921.31.31.41971.41.01.8
Nitroso-PSAP without deproteinization662.01.02.0691.40.90.9752.20.91.5741.41.12.2
Pyridyl AZO dye ascorbate without deproteinization319.514.411.5311.310.43.237.70.22.837.14.310.8
Tripyridyltriazine without deproteinization832.31.22.4821.41.21.3812.00.91.1791.11.21.9
Lactate dehydrogenase9724.64.44.69774.54.34.19754.84.94.99734.84.85.2
lactate to pyruvate7474.34.04.27594.33.83.87684.74.74.87674.74.85.1
pyruvate to lactate2135.36.44.92095.76.36.71995.75.25.31995.85.46.3
pyruvate to lactate (dry chemistry)72.92.24.073.16.76.961.90.41.062.21.51.0
Lipase51318.88.919.651720.610.510.25229.418.813.651913.414.69.4
hydrolysis of 1,2-diglyceride with quinone dye881.72.92.6861.81.72.5887.32.73.5872.12.34.9
hydrolysis of 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester41520.98.321.342222.010.010.14258.518.412.842312.013.68.0
hydrolysis of 1-oleoyl-2,3-diacetyl glycerol80.05.60.090.03.53.794.20.02.594.60.03.9
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol1,06712.210.57.51,0839.57.09.91,1075.24.95.81,1084.75.77.1
Enzymatic with detergent89810.69.26.49156.65.79.39284.83.75.59314.24.96.6
Enzymatic with others15013.711.512.114511.37.810.61536.66.46.71518.17.27.3
Enzymatic with polyethylene glycol1113.120.19.5132.56.09.5146.13.25.5154.74.711.3
Other method820.318.911.71016.15.16.51211.86.88.0114.74.02.2
Magnesium3523.03.92.03561.93.53.53610.02.02.93592.91.90.0
Colorimetry xylidyl Blue3403.03.72.03462.03.33.43510.02.02.83492.91.80.0
Other method91.70.01.570.00.02.670.01.92.272.13.07.1
Osmolality1890.91.00.91891.01.21.31890.81.00.81910.90.80.9
Freezing point depression osmometer1860.91.00.91871.01.21.31870.81.00.81880.90.80.9
Other method329.432.930.420.63.31.220.52.91.531.88.75.0
Phosphorus7762.72.52.87762.43.22.37734.62.23.47723.32.15.5
Molybden blue colorimetry2062.12.42.12112.02.22.12083.12.12.12041.81.30.0
Phosphomolybdate5682.33.72.75642.83.42.35643.72.22.15673.22.23.8
Potassium1,2072.21.91.51,2182.11.92.01,2190.01.81.71,2181.61.22.6
ISE, diluted6841.41.81.66901.41.91.96942.41.21.66981.51.10.0
ISE, undiluted5171.42.02.25192.20.02.15170.02.11.85121.72.23.0
Other method64.03.14.093.22.42.382.91.72.281.61.05.0
Sodium1,2071.21.41.21,2180.81.11.21,2190.82.31.21,2181.22.21.2
ISE, diluted6700.81.10.76770.81.01.16820.71.00.96861.01.10.8
ISE, undiluted5311.31.41.35321.31.31.35291.21.51.05241.01.71.3
Other method61.82.32.192.40.51.581.12.11.581.82.02.8
Total bilirubin1,7295.810.06.21,7406.110.010.01,75111.95.87.41,7507.15.511.3
Copper ion oxidation1127.88.77.211010.110.39.21137.29.69.51149.210.27.6
Diazo-caffeine, sodium benzoate with blank67.724.919.463.71.58.153.44.65.852.53.18.6
Diazo-dimethyl sulfoxide with blank1404.86.46.21436.47.06.81427.14.44.81415.04.811.0
Diazo-dimethyl sulfoxide without blank1125.18.05.01154.111.511.011916.74.74.01205.25.414.6
Diazo-dyphylline with blank164.95.94.2157.96.87.21412.87.64.4134.97.410.9
Diazonium salt-dyphylline without blank52.39.26.451.27.410.754.67.71.851.61.45.4
Diazonium salt-surfactant with blank5846.111.26.35866.011.711.359514.46.38.96028.85.714.2
Diazonium salt-surfactant without blank277.05.66.4278.17.57.0237.85.94.1236.27.510.4
Enzymatic oxidation104.710.94.6112.73.810.1101.33.13.7112.73.46.2
Other method194.55.45.6184.86.24.71613.49.77.31610.39.811.2
Vanadate oxidation6963.03.93.47023.31.95.57077.03.13.56983.93.22.8
Total cholesterol1,8533.72.53.81,8643.72.62.71,8692.83.02.81,8682.63.02.8
Cholesterol esterase1,8403.72.53.81,8533.72.62.51,8562.83.02.81,8552.83.02.8
Other method132.92.33.5113.35.23.6134.23.53.5132.83.13.8
Total CO22597.57.07.12575.66.36.32635.74.95.32654.64.55.9
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase2587.66.97.22575.66.36.32635.74.95.32654.64.55.9
Total iron-binding capacity4253.83.33.74233.63.12.74283.42.72.64272.82.02.5
Bathophenanthroline1043.52.43.8993.71.91.6942.81.82.3922.71.92.9
Chromazural B264.02.83.3272.93.22.1272.92.11.1272.72.64.0
Ferene122.31.91.5112.42.32.4122.52.42.2121.82.42.7
Ferrozine1453.12.12.81452.71.81.71502.71.52.31541.81.42.2
Nitroso-PSAP1372.53.52.81402.32.92.41442.21.91.61412.22.02.4
Total protein1,6943.53.13.51,7043.52.73.01,7153.22.62.71,7162.62.82.3
Biuret method1,6733.53.13.51,6853.42.73.01,6913.22.62.71,6922.62.82.3
Other method116.16.36.595.05.92.7106.73.01.0101.81.42.2
Triglyceride1,8095.64.75.81,8215.95.34.81,8254.35.33.91,8234.25.64.2
Enzymatic with free glycerol elimination6214.24.04.06265.03.63.96244.13.73.46173.73.34.0
Enzymatic without free glycerol elimination1,1775.95.35.91,1856.54.54.71,1904.54.64.21,1954.65.05.1
Other method116.71.98.0104.77.410.91110.65.15.3112.94.23.9
Uric acid1,4013.22.02.61,4133.43.12.01,4172.72.82.81,4192.82.53.9
Other method84.88.25.386.815.89.684.35.92.674.34.04.4
Uricase1,3853.22.02.61,3973.43.02.01,4012.72.82.81,4042.82.43.9
Uricase (dry chemistry)83.43.64.182.93.44.182.22.42.383.33.23.2

Abbreviations: LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; P5P, pyridoxal-5-phosphate; BCG, bromocresol green; BCP, bromocresol purple; PNPP, para nitrophenylphosphate; AMP, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol; DEA, diethanolamine; EAE, 2-ethylaminoethanol; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; OCPC, o-creolphthalein complexone; NM-BAPTA, 5-nitro-5'-methyl-BAPTA; ISE, ion-selective electrodes; Nitroso-PSAP, 2-nitroso-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino)-phenol; GLDH, glutamate dehydrogenase.

*Number of Laboratories participated in Korean External Quality Assessment Service 2023.



요화학검사에서 albumin의 측정법으로는 immunoturbidimetry법이 주로 이용되었고, protein의 측정법으로 dye binding using pyrogallol red법과 turbidimetry using benzethonium chloride법이 주로 이용되었다(Table 8). Sodium, potassium과 chloride 등의 전해질검사에는 대부분의 검사기관이 희석 이온선택전극법을 이용하였다.

Table 8 . Distribution of analytical methods (principle) participated and coefficients of variation (%) according to principle of urine chemistry in 2023

TestMethodTrials
1st2nd
Lab*CUC-23-01CUC-23-02CUC-23-03LabCUC-23-04CUC-23-05CUC-23-06
Albumin21734.318.333.222015.232.314.3
Immunoturbidimetry21333.317.832.221515.031.314.0
Calcium1814.42.64.41802.73.72.4
Colorimetry Arsenazo III332.63.53.1363.73.04.2
Colorimetry Methylxylenol blue272.01.92.8271.02.21.2
Colorimetry OCPC474.23.24.5411.85.12.2
NM-BAPTA731.91.62.6751.32.51.1
Chloride2166.62.27.32172.57.02.6
ISE, diluted2116.52.27.32152.57.02.6
ISE, undiluted33.50.66.5----
Creatinine2564.13.94.22593.73.93.6
Enzymatic method172.84.53.2162.72.03.2
kinetic Jaffe with compensation61.53.61.453.94.03.5
kinetic Jaffe without compensation2093.63.03.52132.93.13.0
Rate blanked compensated kinetic Jaffe method232.02.12.6242.21.92.4
Glucose1540.01.92.91521.90.32.0
Hexokinase1540.01.92.91521.90.32.0
Magnesium1193.32.93.21223.13.43.2
Colorimetry xylidyl blue1153.33.03.21183.13.03.2
Phosphorus1562.62.92.81552.22.72.0
Molybden blue colorimetry272.71.92.6262.82.11.4
Phosphomolybdate1292.52.42.81292.02.62.2
Potassium2171.53.01.32182.21.22.1
ISE, diluted2121.52.91.32162.21.22.1
ISE, undiluted33.50.61.5----
Protein2176.08.36.82198.45.38.7
Biuret method47.75.18.344.24.86.0
dye binding using pyrogallol red1175.86.47.21187.26.66.6
turbidimetry using benzethonium chloride964.02.43.4972.13.01.9
Sodium2192.51.12.32201.12.41.0
ISE, diluted2142.31.12.32181.12.40.9
ISE, undiluted31.01.92.2----
Urea nitrogen1773.84.13.91763.03.63.0
Urease with GLDH1773.84.13.91763.03.63.0
Uric acid1643.42.32.81652.84.22.9
Uricase1643.42.32.81652.84.22.9

Abbreviations: OCPC, o-creolphthalein complexone; NM-BAPTA, 5-nitro-5'-methyl-BAPTA; ISE, ion-selective electrodes; GLDH, glutamate dehydrogenase.

*Number of Laboratories participated in Korean External Quality Assessment Service 2023.



2023년 일반화학검사 프로그램과 요화학검사 프로그램의 신빙도조사 결과에 대해 보다 자세한 통계분석 결과는 대한진단검사정도관리협회 신빙도조사사업 홈페이지(http://eqas.keqas.org)에서 조회가 가능하다.

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